The Current Rate Of Growth Minorities - 1178 Words

Data from the 2010 census has shown that collections of people normally grouped as minorities are now the majority in many local markets and even states. The U.S. state Department has revealed that at the current rate of growth minorities will be the majority by 2042. These results are probably a surprise to no one. From popular music to television, media is now rife with diversity. Racism is now an outdated term and ideology. USA has become one big melting pot of cultures and this effects all industries, especially health. Sanner, Baldwin, Cannella, Charles, Parker (2010) suggest that while America is, itself, becoming more diverse the Nursing field is not. Nurses of Caucasian descent continue to dwarf other racial ethnicities within†¦show more content†¦Some professionals have even attacked the use of the word â€Å"cultural competency† in the medical field. According to Jane Delgado , of the National Alliance for Hispanic Health in Washington, D.C. â€Å" Comp etent† means you think you understand. â€Å"Proficiency† means you value the cultures. It’s the difference between being a short-order cook and being a chef. If you’re competent, you know your stuff, but application is what proficiency is about â€Å" The definition of culture is one that takes on many meanings . According to Dictionary.com Culture is â€Å" the behaviors and beliefs characteristic of a particular social, ethnic, or age group.† But is this definition enough to describe a word as diverse as culture. Culture is something that defines people as a whole at times. From their music and language to their fashion and religion. Culture is a phenomena that encompasses all these aspects. Roberts (2009) notes that culture is dynamic rather than static. Huge events can shape a culture drastically within a few months even. For example, the 2010 Haiti earthquake shook the culture from its foundation. The capital itself is still in ruins and the social and economic situation is as worse as it has ever been. Yet because of this Haitians have been forced to being cleaning up their own neighborhoods and open up their own schools. This has bonded together those who once would have never known each other. In the medical field all these tangibles have to be addressed with patients. A

Racism Or Slavery Essay - 953 Words

Racism or Slavery, which came first? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Racism or slavery, neither, this essay will document the prejudice against Africans from Europeans that led into slavery and racism. Prejudice issues in a dislike for an individual or group of these individuals. This dislike can simulate from many differences that are shared, religion, culture, system of living (government and social practice), or in some cases looks. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"Initially English contact with Africans did not take place primarily in a context which prejudged the Negro as a slave, at least not as a slave of Englishmen. Rather, Englishmen met Africans merely as another sort of men. Englishmen found the peoples of Africa very different†¦show more content†¦Davis like the definition, had been deeply stained with dirt, become soiled, foul, disgraceful, and made himself liable for punishment. Black in its definition was an adjective. Able to describe plagues, seas, and days (Black Friday). Holding a meaning of negativity in English minds before being applied to Africans, but not changing once applied. Everye white will have its blacke, And everye sweete its sowre. George Puttenham The English noticeable difference from Africans became a dislike for those differences. Generally in the aspect of religion, did difference come to a head. The English considered the Africans as being a heathen. â€Å"The most important aspect of English reaction to African heathenism was that Englishmen evidently did not regard it as separable from the Negro’s other attributes. Heathenism was treated not so much as a specifically religious defect but as one manifestation of a general refusal to measure up to proper standards, as a failure to be English or even civilized (Jordan, 1).† A dislike for the Africans is mounting, as the English express a need for change in the heathenistic Africans. â€Å"If the English did not act upon this continued heathenism among NegroesShow MoreRelatedSlavery : Racism And Racism Essay1134 Words   |  5 PagesSlavery: A root to Racism. Slavery and Racism Slavery as described by Oxford dictionaries â€Å"a person who is the legal property of another is forced to obey them† was introduced to America dating back to 17th and 18th centuries. African slaves were first brought to America as a means of cheap labor to work on tobacco plantations and later on the cotton gin. With the constant demand for labor and declining population, the colonists were led to believe that African slaves were the cheapest and efficientRead MoreSlavery, Racism, And Slavery Essay1779 Words   |  8 PagesSlavery began before racism in North America. To prove this I will provide an analysis of chronological events that displayed acts of slavery and racism. With that being said, Initially I will be delving into the earliest implementations of slavery in North America. That being Jamestown Virginia 1619. Secondly, analysing an extract from 1655, where an African man named Anthony Johnson claimed to own another black individual, John Casor as his property. Subsequently, moving onto Winthrop D JordanRead MoreSlavery and Racism1509 Words   |  7 PagesCivilization Dr. Carlson November 17, 2011 Slavery and Racism: Are They One in the Same? Aphra Behn was an extremely significant and influential English writer in the 1600s. One of her more famous works, Oroonoko, discusses the issues of slavery and racism in the Americas. Many people believe that slavery and racism go hand in hand. In fact, these two ideologies are awfully different. Slavery is the act of forcing humans to be treated property whereas racism is the belief that discrimination basedRead MoreRacism And Slavery : Black Or The Egg, Slavery Or Racism?993 Words   |  4 Pagesthe chicken or the egg, slavery or racism? The question of whether racism is the root of slavery, or if slavery caused racism is an ongoing debate that throughout history historians has been batting to answer, and have yet to come to an agreement. Some people think that people were made slaves because of prejudice toward the color of their skin, therefore, racism caused slavery; others believe that people saw slaves as inferior to them, and therefore slavery caused racism. Jordanâ€℠¢s â€Å"The Mutual CausationRead MoreRacism and Slavery in Oronooko1158 Words   |  5 Pageswritten in the perspective of a white colonial woman in the eighteenth century. I found the novella to have a lot of subtle racial undertones despite the fact that during that time it was seen as an anti-slavery novel.(1) There have been debates on whether this novella is pro-slavery or anti-slavery? While reading, I decided that it was neither, but more so a novella from a revolutionist point of view. One of the first things that sticks out is the way in which she described Oroonoko physically.Read MoreDid Slavery Cause Racism?3614 Words   |  15 Pagesï » ¿Did slavery cause racism? Viewpoint: Yes. With the slave trade racism became rigidly defined in custom and law. Viewpoint: No. Slavery followed from racism and reinforced existing perceptions of blacks racial inferiority. Racism both preexisted and survived slavery. The color of Africans skin intrigued, frightened, and repelled Europeans. Exaggerating the physical and mental differences that allegedly separated blacks from whites, European writers conjectured that blacks had descended fromRead MoreRacism and Slavery Essay example1811 Words   |  8 Pages Did race prejudice cause slavery? Or was it the other way round? Winthrop D. Jordan, in his monumental study of white American attitudes to black people from 1550 to 1812, argues that prejudice and slavery may well have been equally cause and effect, dynamically joining hands to hustle the Negro down the road to complete degradation. But we must go deeper than that, if we are to understand the rise of English racism as an ideology, the various roles it has played inRead MoreSlavery and Racism Shown in Huckleberry Finn620 Words   |  3 Pagesvery prominent themes. These themes include racism and slavery, intellectual and moral education, and the hypocrisy of civilized society. The most dominant theme, racism and slavery, is recognized when the main character feels that he is doing the wrong thing in helping a runaway slave. It is also recognized in the passage where the main character talks to a boy who compares a black slave’s worth to two-hundred dollars. Twain used the theme racism and slavery in an attempt to convince southerners toRead MoreRacism And Slavery During The 19th Century2451 Words   |  10 PagesRacism is not just restricted to slavery and blacks, racism can be applied to anyone, and in 19th century England this was a huge problem. The 19th century was a trying time for those who were concerned with the abolition of slavery, those who were opposed to it were greatly concerned about losing their wealth or j ust concerned with the principle of a lower race being free. However those who were opposed to slavery were sick of seeing other humans being treated so poorly and saw it as inhuman.Read MoreEssay about Racism and Slavery Hand in Hand1304 Words   |  6 Pagesliberty to all. This goal, however, is darkened by a contradictory event: racism. Racism against African Americans (Negroes) in America was a by-product of permanent and inhumane enslavement of the black population. This type slavery was built upon the need for the American colonies to achieve economic prosperity and social stability. The slavery prior to these social and economic problems was equal to that of white slavery. Black and white slaves and indentured servants received the same treatments

Evaluation Plan Patients with Heart Failure

Question: If you are proposing a new staffing matrix that is intended to reduce nurse turnover, improve nursing staff satisfaction, and positively impact overall delivery of care, you may decide the following methods and variables are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of your proposed solution: Methods: Survey of staff attitudes and contributors to job satisfaction and dissatisfaction before and after initiating change. Obtain turnover rates before and after initiating change. Compare patient discharge surveys before change and after initiation of change. Answer: Introduction: Sincere efforts in order to alter the health behaviors are required to be guided by the clear criteria of the effectiveness and the efficacy of all kinds of the interventions. The medical community and practices based programs often are based on the professional consensus in spite of the evidence. The efficacy of required interventions only and only be maintained and determined by the specific and appropriately designed studies which are empirical by nature (Boyde et al., 2015). The CVD, which stands for the cardiovascular disease is the main cause of the enhanced morbidity plus the mortality all over. All kinds of the patients with the cardiovascular disease require very long-term care and that too at the multiple manners each day and at everyday life conditions and situations such as the ones which also include at work, at home, and also in the community. Suck kind of the ability for the self-care certainly requires proper understanding and also the utilization of the health-related situations and information, plus the informed ability to decision-making. Methods used to Evaluate Effectiveness: All Individuals with the cardiovascular disease are commonly and routinely instructed in order to engage in all kinds of the self-care activities and behaviors as the main part of the routine management of the diseases. The aim of the health care is to enhance the life expectancy plus to improve all types of the health-related matters and the quality of one's life. For the treatment and the self-care of the patients suffering from the cardiovascular, the nurses make and push the plans of proper care and also strategies that may fairly include the acceptance of the healthy lifestyle habits and factors like the weight management and the smoking cessation (Paradis et al., 2010). The study material and the education is focussed and aimed to promote such self-care behaviors and are also incorporated into all main types of the clinical practice and also the proper guidelines for the Cardiovascular disease. The clinical practices recommend this fact that every individual with the Cardiovascular disease are often and routinely instructed so as to get engaged in the self-care which also includes the medication adherence, diet restrictions, and also the symptom monitoring. The Self-care has always been the main and the fundamental concern for the nursing in the cardiovascular disease and seriously emphasizes the patients' own and self-management of the critical kind of the illness treatment and the symptoms. The main aim of the self-care carefully including in it the self-management, plus its interventions is mainly to strengthen the health and also the quality of living for the outcomes in the ill persons with the critical and chronic conditions (Rolley et al., 2010). The self-care improvement methods are keenly associated to the patient-cantered and the condition-specific such as the improved pain control, better glycemic control, pain control, and the improved sleep. At the time the patients get to know about the complex and the complicated information about the result or the outcomes, the patient at this stage can completely participate in the process of the decision-making. The last step in the disseminating features or the information to the patients mainly has the interactive process which allows the patients so as to make the informed choices all about the health of their own self (LUPON, 2008). Variables to be assessed There are so many variables that can affect behaviour and health status (e.g., differences in informational, physical, social, and cultural environments) that it can be extraordinarily difficult to demonstrate a causal relationship between an intervention and a perceived health effect (Nilsson, 2011). The physical activity and the Intensive diet interventions have been noticed to lessen the cardiovascular disease risk. The MI-wise interventions on the health concerned outcomes associated with the cardiovascular disease risk. Developed tools necessary to educate project participants of CVD Such kinds of the models provide particular tools and the strategies for assessing the coalition functioning at each and every stage of the development, right from the advent of the prior information provide to the end stage on the health objectives and goals. The widespread use of such kind and also the similar evaluation frameworks plus the tools can enhance the quality and the number of the main and the empirical studies for the effects of the linkages which are inter-organizational (Boyde et al., 2012). Such kinds of tools which may be taken into use so as enhance and also improve the measurement capacity also have in it the workshops plus the training sessions to help and also instruct the health authorities as well as the program coordinators on matters on how to establish and also maintain proper system of the data collection, design evaluations, implement of the core indicators and accept the preferred guidance documents for the unique analyse data and the situation. Like the models for the behavioural surveys, national surveillance, tools and the electronic medical records for the program evaluation. References Boyde, M., Peters, R., Hwang, R., Korczyk, D., Ha, T., New, N. (2015). The Self-care Educational Intervention for Patients With Heart Failure.The Journal Of Cardiovascular Nursing, 1. Boyde, M., Song, S., Peters, R., Turner, C., Thompson, D., Stewart, S. (2012). Pilot testing of a self-care education intervention for patients with heart failure.European Journal Of Cardiovascular Nursing. LUPON, J. (2008). Patients' self-care improvement with nurse education intervention in Spain assessed by the European heart failure self-care behaviour scale.European Journal Of Cardiovascular Nursing,7(1), 16-20. Nilsson, U. (2011). Music: A nursing intervention.European Journal Of Cardiovascular Nursing,10(2), 73-74. Paradis, V., Cossette, S., Frasure-Smith, N., Heppell, S., Guertin, M. (2010). The Efficacy of a Motivational Nursing Intervention Based on the Stages of Change on Self-care in Heart Failure Patients.The Journal Of Cardiovascular Nursing,25(2), 130-141. Rolley, J., Salamonson, Y., Dennison, C., Davidson, P. (2010). Nursing Care Practices Following a Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.The Journal Of Cardiovascular Nursing,25(1), 75-84.

Review data relevant to the distinction between early-selection and late selection in models of attention Essay Example

Review data relevant to the distinction between early-selection and late selection in models of attention Paper Attention is the ability to take a hold of the mind and select one from many simultaneous objects or thoughts, discarding some things in order to deal with others more effectively (James,1890, as cited in Norman, 1976) . In every day life there are so many things that can be attended to and so certain aspects have to be selected over others. Some tasks that are carried out require very little attention and others require less the more time that they are practiced. All sensory information that is received requires some cognitive processing however with attention, cognitive processing needs to be continuous in order to keep focus and concentration. Attention is something that could be said to be limited, as cognitive processing cannot occur for all stimuli at the same time. It also is selective as the mental energy required for attention can be expanded as the person sees fit. Attention is an issue that has been debated upon for many years. Early-selection models have looked at selection as a limited process that requires selective attention in order to proceed. The selective attention occurs after a basic analysis of the physical features that are used to tell the difference between selected and non-selected stimuli. As a result of this, the unattended stimulus is not completely perceived. Late selection models however discard this idea and assume that perception is unlimited and that attention can be performed in parallel without a need for selection. Lavie and Tsal, 1994) Both the late selection models and early selection models differ in their concepts of how people attend to things and it was only until a compromise model was put forward by Lavie and colleagues that both models were combined to form the perceptual load framework. The idea of how we attend to more than one thing at a time has always been an issue. Colin Cherry (1953, as cited in Eysenck and Keane, 2001) looked at this idea when at a party he was fas cinated with how people were able to follow just one conversation when there are many other conversations taking place around. We will write a custom essay sample on Review data relevant to the distinction between early-selection and late selection in models of attention specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Review data relevant to the distinction between early-selection and late selection in models of attention specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Review data relevant to the distinction between early-selection and late selection in models of attention specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He called this idea the cocktail party effect, and put it down to physical differences, like gender, speaker location and voice intensity. Cherry carried out a number experiments on this idea and did this by presenting subjects with two different messages at the same time, one in each ear. Cherry found that when the messages were of the same voice then the listener was unable to distinguish between either of the two different messages. Cherry then carried out studies in which he asked the listeners to shadow one of the two messages heard. He found that the listeners could extract very little information from the non-shadowed message, and barely noticed when the non-shadowed message changed language or was even read backwards. Moray (1959, as cited in Kahneman, 1973) tried to look at how much information a subject could remember in the rejected auditory channel and so repeated an english word 35 times in one of the ears. He found that even though the subjects had heard the word many times, many of them still could not retain what it was. Cherry concluded from his work that unattended information receives hardly any processing, which follows the early selection model ideas that attention is not processed in parallel. Broadbent (1958, as cited in Eysenck and Keane, 2001) developed Cherrys ideas further by conducting an experiment on participants in which he presented them with two sets of numbers in each ear. For example the number 354 was presented in one ear at the same time as the number 692 was presented in the other ear. Broadbent found that participants recalled the numbers ear by ear rather than as a whole number, for example 354692 instead of 365942. Broadbent explained his findings by saying that both the inputs are presented in parallel fashion until they reach a buffer where one input is allowed to pass through and the other remains for later processing. This he explained is to prevent an overload. From his discovery Broadbent went on to construct a model from which he felt best described how attention is processed. This model was called the filter model. The filter model put forward the idea that the ability to analyse and identify information is limited. He argued that when information reaches the brain it filters out desired messages and rejects everything else, therefore blocking undesired inputs and preventing an overload on the perceptual system. (Dittrich, 2004) When information is presented it is analysed based upon its physical characteristics. The information is then simultaneously stored in separate channels in the sensory register and the filter switches between channels passing the information stored there, one channel at a time, to the detection device. If the message coming in doesnt have these characteristics then it is filtered out. Broadbents ideas were the beginning of many years of further research. This begun with a referral back to Cherrys questioning of how people can switch their attention from one input to another when they are unaware of the content within the unselected input. Gray and Wedderburn (1960 as cited in Kahneman, 1973) looked at this and ignored Broadbents idea that attention was the basis of an analysis of physical characteristics. They believed that psychological aspects played an important part and so carried out experiments to try and prove their theory. The experiment involved presenting subjects with words broken down into syllables. Each syllable was presented alternately to each ear. At the same time another word was broken down the same way and was presented to the complimentary ear. Gray and Wedderburn found that words could be constructed and were not repeated as just a mixture of different syllables. This suggested that meaning of information can be constructed from both ears and it is not just physical characteristics like Broadbent had previously said. Continuing from the work of Cherry and Broadbent, Treisman (1960) discovered that in experiments where a participant had to shadow a word, they sometimes repeated a word that had been presented to the unattended ear. This was known as a breakthrough(Dittrich, 2004). Treisman carried out a series of experiments and found that on the cases where this did occur the majority of the time the word was related to the context of the words being presented to the attended ear. Findings from this led to Treisman proposing a new filter theory in 1968. The filter rejected the idea of Broadbents all or none filter idea and suggested that attention is processed in a more flexible manner. Treisman noticed that a difference in voice and language played an important part in experiments involving participants to select a response to one of two messages ( Norman, 1976). It seems that differences occur depending on what language the second message is spoken in. For example if the language is of similar phonetic structure to that of English then it is less distracting than if the language was something like Czech. Also if the subject has previous knowledge of a language then this will be more distracting than hearing a language that they have never heard before. Overall Treisman concluded that it is unlikely that both messages are fully analysed and so selection of one message takes place over the other This selection takes place starting with an analysis of the messages physical features, then goes on to look at words and meaning. Triesman said that selection of messages that have the same voice, intensity and localization takes place during the analysis rather than after it. It is at this stage that the information-handling capacity becomes limited and so to prevent overloading the irrelevant message is either discarded or both messages are kept and alternation takes place between each one. The decision to which message is kept or whether both are alternated is based on physical characteristics and grammatical features. This is why people are sometimes able to anticipate what words are about to occur when speaking to someone about a particular subject. It is also why that information from competing messages is sometimes picked out when the information being heard is similar to that in which is being primarily attended. Deutsch and Deutsch (1963, as cited in Eysenck and Keane, 2001, Norman, 1976) come up with a theory, which is known more as a late selection model. According to Deutsch and Deutsch all information is processed in full when it enters the consciousness and that it will reach the same perceptual and discriminatory mechanisms whether attention is paid to it or not. They believed that sensory stimulus does not affect what we attend to but each central structure has different levels of importance. For example, our own name makes us attend more or distracts us more easily from a primary source than any random word. Deutsch and Deutsch disregarded Triesmans and Broadbents early filter theories and put forward the idea that even if a signal is on a channel in which another signal is already being attended it still can be detected. They also suggested that all inputs are recognized in parallel, and that the role of attention is to select which items get placed in short term memory. There is a lack of evidence supporting Deutsch and Deutschs theory and competing theorists have provided evidence against the idea that all information is processed in full. For example Treisman and Geffen (1967) asked participants to shadow one of two auditory messages and tap when they heard a target word in either of the messages. Results found that detection of the target word was much higher in the shadowed message than the non-shadowed message disregarding Deutsch and Deutschs claim that there should be no difference in the detection rate. Lavie et al (1994) took the ideas of both the early and late selection models and came up with a compromise of the two; this model was called the perceptual load framework. Lavie et al proposed that although physical differences play an important part in selective attention, irrelevant information is only discarded when the perceptual load of relevant information is too high to make use of the available resources. Therefore Lavie et al argues that tasks have different levels of attentional capacity and that upper limits are imposed at different levels dependent on a persons temporal state of alertness, availability of resources and the subject-task structural constraints. Navon and Gopher (1979 as cited in Lavie and Tsal, 1994) came up with a rule that states the amount of resources that can be applied to a task. They said that resources will be supplied to meet the internal demand and that these resources will either equal the demand or reach the limit of the available resources. Lavie et als approach mixes both the early and late selection processes by looking at the distinction between high and low perceptual loads. A perceptual load is the number of units in a display and the type of processing that is needed for each unit. It seems that the results that support early selection models have been gained when the conditions have been of high perceptual load whereas results supporting late selection have been gained under conditions of low perceptual load. As well as all of this Lavie et al still takes into consideration the differences between the physical characteristics of attended and unattended information. An experiment carried out by Stroop (1935 as cited in Lavie and Tsal, 1993) shows that there is a poor physical distinction between relevant and irrelevant stimuli when they both occupy the same location. This was shown in an experiment in which subjects had to identify the colour of a word. Results found that subjects processed the meaning of the word and that reaction time increased in relation to the baseline of response time to recognising a colour patch or the colour of a non-colour word when the word was a colour name and printed in a different colour. The stroop effect therefore was said to show that one stimuli affects another more one way, than if the two stimuli were to be reversed. For example naming a colour doesnt usually affect word reading, but word reading can affect colour naming. This indicates that the stoop affect is an example of the difference in parallel processing between relevant and irrelevant stimuli, which shows why there is a difference in response times between some stimuli compared to others. In all this approach looks at perceptual load being of a low level and generally supports late selection models as it takes upon the idea that attention is a process that can be carried out in parallel. Looking at evidence supporting early selection models however takes into consideration high perceptual loads. Pashler (1984, as cited in Lavie and Tsal, 1994) devised a variation of the bar-probe technique (Averbach Coriell, 1961). This involved using eight different items shown on a display with three stimulus onset asynchronies being shown between each stimulus and the probe. Subjects had to match each of the four shapes with the location, which resulted in the subjects creating eight different combinations. Pashler found that physical differences increased the time it took the participant to identify each shape to the location, even when the probe came 300 msec before the display. This therefore questions the late selection models as it shows that selection happens at the perceptual stage. In conclusion it seems that there is evidence supporting both models of early and late selection and that attention is something that varies dependent on a combination of both ideas. Although Broadbent (1958) and his filter theory initially put forward the idea that attention is a selective process, it does seem from later research that in some cases people are able to attend to more than one thing at a time. Treisman (1960) developed Broadbents idea and extended his filter theory by suggesting that physical differences play an important role in determining which message to keep or discarded. Treisman believed that selection takes place before analysis rather than after it and that both messages can be kept but alternation has to take place to prevent an overload. A late selection model proposed by Deutsch and Deutsch (1963) disagreed with that of early selection models in that they believed that all information is processed in full when it enters the consciousness. Deutsch and Deutsch said that even when multiple messages are on the same channel they can still be processed in parallel with the most important being kept and the other being stored in the short-term memory. Comparisons of the early and late selection models finally resulted in both being examined in an equal manner, eventually leading to the perceptual framework model being proposed by Lavie and colleagues (1994). This model supported both selection models by linking it to whether a perceptual load was high or whether it was low. Overall it seems that attention is wholly down to an analysis of physical properties, which is then given further analysis to determine what things are paid attention to and what things are not.